Story Of The Dead Poets Society English Literature Essay

Story Of The Dead Poets Society English Literature Essay Charlie reveals the ideas of carpe diem in various ways. He feels that he can speak for other people, and he doesnt care if they like him or not. First, he invites girls to come to the Dead Poets Society club meeting. Then he tells them they can go in because its his cave. He also publishes an article in the school paper about how they should have girls at Welton in the name of the Dead Poet Society without the approval of any other members. He also pulls the phone call from God to gain attention, pretending to himself as a god when he says that the phone call is from God. In the end, he is expelled for punching Cameron. Charlie punches him because Cameron had just come from telling the administrators about the Dead Poets Society club and blamed Keating for everything. Charlie feels it doesnt matter if hes expelled or not. In addition, Neil seizes the day. Neil loves to do new stuffs, and come up with unique ideas. He is the one to call Keating O Captain! My Captain! and is the first able to ask him what the Dead Poets Society was. He is also the one to organize the first meeting of the club in the cave and hes also a leader. Neil also tells Todd that he must participate in the Dead Poets Society club no matter what. Each of the choices is Neils attempts to gain control over his own life. Neil lives by his fathers rules. Carpe diem motivating Neil to go after his dream of acting, but his father wouldnt let him. Going against his father, he decides to follow his heart by audition for A Midsummer Nights Dream Neil receives the part as Puck. He claims that this is the first time in his life that he knows what he wants. However, after the show his father takes him home and yells at him. He ends up committing suicide, by using his fathers gun. Knox also embraces living for the moment. Knox visits his parents friends, and soon falls in love with their daughter Chris. He broke his own rules to see her, and competed for her attention with her boyfriend Chet. At that party and after a few drinks, he makes a move on Chris and Chet was there, who then punches Knox. After that meeting, Knox does everything in his power to win her love over. Using his love of poetry, he presents one of his love poems in his English class, and is applauded by Keating. Then Knox travels to Chriss school and read his poem to her in class, later convincing her to go to a show with him. Chris does like the attention Knox gives her, and in the end, holds his hand at the play. Also, Todd finally can stand up by himself. Todd is a very quiet boy. He is the youngest of his family member and has many expectations laid upon him due to the success of his brother. Todds worst fear is that his life has no meaning. After the first day of class, Todd writes Carpe Diem on his paper, dreaming of what it would be like. But, he throws out the paper believing he has nothing to do with it Later, in class, after being asked to write a poem, Todd tells Keating he never completed the assignment after he spent many hours writing and revising his poem only to have thrown it away before class. Keating sees through Todds fear and later makes him say whatever comes to mind. This is the beginning of the change in Todd. He proves his loyalty to Keating by stand up to Camerons accusations of Keating. Todd is able to express his opinion that Cameron and the school are wrong. Students at Welton could not have any other choice for what they want to do or what type of person they want to be. But Mr. Keating teaching the boys learns to think on their own, and they all do their own stuffs with their own ideas. By doing that there were some good things happen such as Todds is a very quiet boy and shy who does not enjoy speaking himself in front of a lot of people but Mr. Keating helps him get over this fear, Todd finally finds a voice for himself that he never knew he had before, and Knox found his true love shows free thinking is an important thing in life because it lets everyone think and behave in different ways and situations. But there were some bad things such as Neils commits suicide and Charlies got expelled from his behavior shows we should learn to think before we do something.

Letters Home Essay

She had been going around all over the place and Frederick was bound to be dragged in to the situation. I always knew it would only ever end in tragedy. Everyone was talking about her all over Rome. She would be seen all over the town with a different man on her arm every time. The Americans never had any respect for the culture in Europe. Maybe over there she would not have stood out, but her actions in Rome were not acceptable under any circumstances. Frederick is so naive. I could always see that he would end up being hurt by this girl, however, not quite in the way it turned out. Perhaps her death is for the best. Hopefully Frederick will not be so stupid next time he sees some common girl walking the streets. I’ll leave you now; my head is thumping again. These migraines come more and more often at the moment. I can only sit here and hope it will pass. Yours sincerely, Mrs. Costello Character study: Mrs. Costello is Winterbourne’s aunt and although also not originally from Europe she has a very European attitude to certain things. She refuses to mix with people who are lower in society than she is, for example the Millers. She can perhaps be seen as slightly pompous and she also seems to know everything that goes on behind the scenes. The letter is quite informal as Mrs. Costello is writing to her sister. She uses short sentences and is very critical. Rosalind Tamman 17 rue de Groggos Vevey Dear Rosalind, Since Daisy’s death, many things have changed in my life. I let her lead her life as she wished, never telling her what to do, and this is the consequence. I wrote to Mr. Miller informing of Daisy’s death and he rushed over to Rome immediately. I was very pleased to see him, as was Randolph. We have been to left to comfort each other since Daisy died, but my little boy stayed strong for me. Since daisy died, Randolph has been very quiet, saying little and responding politely to my instructions without question. He was pleased to see his father, but he is clearly saddened without his sister around. He is so young to be subject to such misery. Mr. Miller showed little emotion when he came to Rome, but we have now gone back to Schenectady. Randolph and I would not have been able to cope on out own without our dearest Annie. It seems we had few friends in Europe, so we are glad to be back in Schenectady. I can only blame myself for Daisy’s death. I should have held her back at times when she wanted to go out. Mr. Winterbourne was a nice man. Maybe I should have stopped her seeing Mr. Giovanelli. My life feels so empty without Daisy. I would do anything to bring her back. Randolph is growing up, but we will never be able to replace Daisy. We are all missing her dearly, but perhaps we knew the end was inevitable. She was always going around all over the place. She was bound to get the fever sometime. Perhaps I should have done something, said something, but now it is all too late. Yours, Mrs. Miller Character study: Mrs. Miller is mother of Randolph and Daisy. She is a very nervous and ill woman and this can be seen in the letter. Due to her lack of control over Daisy’s actions, she is seen as low class and a bad mother. This letter is very personal and emotional after Daisy’s death. It is intimate and informal, perhaps showing a lack of class in the language and informality. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

PHP Pagination of Search Results

Innovation Audit - 1035 Words

o i solutions limited Innovation Audit See the gaps in your innovation and develop plans for new products, services, processes and cost savings. Below is a summary of the Audit we recommend and can conduct. The full Audit varies dependent upon the organisation. Key Issues There are hard and soft factors that will determine how innovative an organisation is. Those key factors: †¢ CEO and Board Commitment †¢ A Learning Organisation ie being open, adaptive and forward thinking †¢ A culture that encourages innovation †¢ It has an Innovation Management Process †¢ It has Integrated Marketing The term audit is recognised in finance, business and marketing. Marketing audit is the review that takes place in the Marketing Plan. The Innovation Audit has†¦show more content†¦Can you quantify hours / days devoted to innovation ideally in terms of: o New product development o Cost saving innovation o Process improvement Will I.T. be a help or hindrance? Mixed role teams may be required – Belbin issues †¢ †¢ Styles †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Does the company use any form of psychometric assessment or other tools? Are these applied to ensure appropriate use of individuals for innovation roles e.g. o RD analytical functions o Marketing research and analytical functions o Marketing product management o Marketing and sales creative roles o HR analytical roles o HR people management and training issues NB these examples are inevitably general in description, contact us for more detail Is multi-skilling prevalent? Is leadership impressive? Is empowerment encouraged? Shared Values o i solutions limited Durrant House, 10 Western Road, Branksome Park, Poole, Dorset BH13 7BW T: 01202 706975 F: 01202 706976 E: info@oisolutions.co.uk www.oisolutions.co.uk Registered in England Number 5338387 o i solutions limited †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Is there a published Vision statement? Any mention of innovation or similar? A mission statement? Any mention of innovation or similar? Is there a discernable culture? Any mention of innovation or similar? Is there a reward system and is it tied in to the appraisal system? Are employees market focused? Is there a positive attitude? If each director was asked to describe the culture in a paragraph independently would theyShow MoreRelatedInnovative Technologies And Software For Higher Education System And Evaluation Of Its Effectiveness And Upgrading The Quality Of Education1144 Words   |  5 Pagessystem and evaluation of its effectiveness and upgrading the quality of education. This study is basically focused to help higher education institutions understand how IT governance impacts technology innovation and to identify the key factors that can lead to an IT governance process that supports innovation. It is almost similar to my topic in which I am going to evaluate the innovative software which can upgrade the level of services and its accountability by the government. (a) Quality Review The paperRead MoreCorporate Analysis : Corporate Background1513 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Head Corporate Entrepreneurship IMBA 20 17th December 2014 Corporate Entrepreneurship Audit Etsy Corporate Background Etsy is a peer-to-peer e-commerce website founded in 2005 in Brooklyn, NY. The company currently employs between 251-500 employees with additional offices located in Hudson, San Francisco, and Berlin, Germany. The company focuses on handmade or vintage items and supplies, unique factory-manufactured items, as well as art and craft supplies. The platform markets to bothRead MoreHardware And Marketing Of Apple1476 Words   |  6 Pagesis on technology. This is simply because technology propels a company to higher levels hence remaining very competitive in the industry. As such, most of its products are mainly based on technological innovations. The main challenge of this industry is therefore continued technological innovations. The time that the product remains very competitive in the market is very short as compared to any other product from other industries. The product stays in the market competitively for less than a yearRead MoreThe Importance Of Innovation Architecture Essay 1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Innovation Architecture The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines innovation as â€Å"a new idea, method, or device† or â€Å"the introduction of something new† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). â€Å"New† almost always means change, which is a word that often strikes fear into the hearts of those who simply like to keep things as they have always been. Companies who pursue innovation architecture must develop a culture of innovation that is deeply embedded in its DNA. Otherwise, ideas will perish from malnourishmentRead MorePorters Four Generic Strategies1880 Words   |  8 Pagesindividuals co-operating.† The management of an organisation strives to meet these goals by developing a strategy to reach them. This essay shall look at porter’s four generic strategies and show examples of tools that can be used to assist the innovation management to support these goals. These tools include those which insure that the workforce’s goals are aligned to the goals of the organisation. This essay shall outline porter’s four generic strategies: ‘cost leadership’, ‘differentiation’, ‘costRead MoreStella Artois s Market Entry Strategy1723 Words   |  7 Pagesexisting foodservice business. In addition, they refreshed their remaining North America operations into an organisation provided franchise leadership and consumer marketing and innovation for North American market (Coca-Cola, 2014). The result of acquisition is successful and they provide franchise leadership and innovation and help Coca-Cola manage their foodservice operations. CCR helped the company manage its bottling operations and have important functions on supply chain in North American marketRead MoreEssay on lg vision1120 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatness in what we’ve identified as our three core capabilities: Product Leadership, Market Leadership, and People Leadership—each strength a key part of realizing our growth strategies for â€Å"fast innova tion† and â€Å"fast growth†. NEW LG VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT Vision Statement LG constant focus on innovation will allow us to offer latest customer solutions in entertainment, communications and household. LG Electronics intend to create reliable and respectable brand image through sustainable,Read MoreActivity Based Innovations For Uk Manufacturing Sector Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pages Activity Based Innovations [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Activity Based Innovations in UK Manufacturing Sector Introduction The addition of technological advancement in the business has increased the competition very much. There are several companies that rely totally on the technological development as that helps them control the cost and produce a high quality product. The current environment of the business demand that this advancement should be added to all theRead MoreProduct Innovation Is The Fuel For America s Growth1409 Words   |  6 PagesProduct innovation is the fuel for America’s growth. Two Harvard economists, John McArthur and Jeffery Sachs, described its importance as follows: â€Å"Innovation is no mere vanity plate on the nation’s economic engine. It trumps capital accumulation and allocation of resources as the most important contributor to growth.† Innovative initiatives are a high risk game; failures widely outnumber successes. While enthusiasm, conviction and creativity should flourish in the hearts and minds of the innovationRead MoreProject Management Structu re, Policy And Ethic, And Culture2819 Words   |  12 Pagesglobal leaders in catering, duty-free, inflight entertainment and self-service retail experts, the Company provides the payment services touching over 1 billion travelling consumers each year. GuestLogix global headquarters and Centre for product innovation is located in Toronto, with regional head offices located in Dallas, London and Hong Kong. VISION GuestLogix was founded with a vision to use technology to transform the travel passenger industries, including air and rail. To support the vision

Descriptive Essay About Paradise Point - 1653 Words

Julianne De Armas Installment 2 I visited my place Paradise Point Resort and Spa for the second time. I continued to record my observations and my encounters. I then began to contemplate the history and timeline of how Paradise Point came about. For my second visit to Paradise Point I went at 4:30 on a Monday, with the weather being in the mid 80’s. There were vacationers, guests, and employees all occupying the island. According to my prior knowledge and my observations from last time I visited Paradise Point the animal life was a lot less active. When taking a stroll around the main pond there were plenty of ducks, both male and female, geese, seagulls and egrets. Also in the pond were thousands of lily pads that covered the waters†¦show more content†¦These 5 include Kumeyaay, Cupeno, Nothern Diegueno, Luiseno, and Cahuilla. During this time Paradise Point was probably a large 44- acre sand bar in the midst of the Tidal Marsh that Juan Cabrillo believed to have discovered when he landed at Mission Bay. Unfortunately Cabrillo was not impressed with the bay because it was not deep enough to accommodate his ships, so he left it. In 1852 the United States Army Corps attempted to prevent water from flowing into the San Diego River, this resulted in â€Å"False Bay† and the waters surrounding Paradise Point to become an estuary. This only last two years as two dams were eventually built on the North and South side to constrain the river. Then in the late 1800’s some recreational development that included hunting and fishing facilities were built but later destroyed by flooding. Finally in 1902 George Hall, the city horticulture commissions recommended that the 4600 acres of water be developed into an aquatic park. This is where Mr. Skirball, the movie producer and developer of Paradise Point entered the picture. He incorporated his filmmaking skills into making Vacation Island come to life and stay alive unlike his movie sets that are torn down after completion of the film. The once treeless island became a tropical; Hawaiian inspired hot spot for vacationers near and far. There are many factors that affect and impact Paradise Point whether it is positive or negative. In the lateShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Real Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein991 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing who really is portrayed as the monster in her gothic horror novel, Frankenstein or â€Å"The Modern Prometheus†. Frankenstein was written in 1816, (thought by many to be the first real science fiction novel) during the age of Romanticism and it tells the story of a selfish man, Victor Frankenstein, whose ambition conducts him to seek for supernatural powers and leads him to death. He is a young scientist, eager to discover something new, the key to life, help to makeRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 1418 Words   |  6 Pagesretelling of his tale to the Phaià ¡kians, Odysseus recaptures the inward lost by means of descriptive heroic insight and over imagination of the external drama, skimming over his most fatal flaw - his ego. My argument in this essay is our hero’s ego and his continuous struggle with it causes the downfall for him and others . Odysseus’s need of recognition from his community for his kelos is always on the tipping point of not letting him go home; dancing around the near clutches of death and tempting theRead MoreEssay on A Christians Worldview1822 Words   |  8 Pagesbasis. †¢   Ã‚   I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Part One: What is a worldview?  Define what the term â€Å"worldview† means.   Use descriptive phrases to support your definition.  (25-50 words) What is a Worldview? A person’s worldview, whether it be Christian, humanist is a personal insight about meaning and reality. It is how a person interprets, through his or her own eyes, a personal belief about the world. SOURCE? A person’s worldview tries to give reasons for how the facts of reality relate and tie togetherRead MoreKubla Khan Essay4320 Words   |  18 PagesKubla Khan If a man could pass thro Paradise in a Dream, have a flower presented to him as a pledge that his Soul had really been there, found that flower in his hand when he awoke -- Aye! and what then? (CN, iii 4287) Kubla Khan is a fascinating and exasperating poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (. Almost everyone who has read it, has been charmed by its magic. It must surely be true that no poem of comparable length in English or any other language has been the subjectRead MoreEnglish Thesis2890 Words   |  12 Pagesserves as Boracays main entry and exit point during most of the year. When wind and sea conditions dictate, east-facing Tambisaan Beach serves as an alternative entry and exit point. Boracays two primary tourism beaches, White Beach and Bulabog Beach, are located on opposite sides of the islands narrow central area. White Beach faces westward and Bulabog Beach faces eastward. The island also has several other beaches. White Beach, the main tourism beach, is about four kilometers long and is lined withRead MoreBasics of Studying Literature3647 Words   |  15 Pagesand especially of an authors whole work, is proportional to its range, that is to the breadth and variety of the life and characters which it presents. A student should not form his judgments merely from what is technically called the dogmatic point of view, but should try rather to adopt that of historical criticism. This means that he should take into account the limitations imposed on every author by the age in which he lived. If you find that the poets of the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf have givenRead MoreEssay on Jack Kerouacs On the Road and Allen Ginsbergs Howl3843 Words   |  16 Pagesthat had previously been reserved an artistic production of highbrow culture. Defining the terms culture and counterculture, as Raymond Williams’ extensive studies exhibit, thus both clarifies and complicates matters . In his 1958 essay, Williams notes that â€Å"culture has two aspects: the known meanings and directions, which its members are trained to and the new observations and meanings, which are offered and tested†¦ that it is always both traditional and creative. † Williams’ theoryRead MoreAn Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Short Stories â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland†, â€Å"the Door in the Wall† and â€Å"a Dream of Armageddon†14742 Words   |  59 Pagesmultitude of short stories, novels and scientific as well as political essays. Unlike many authors of his time, Wells did not keep to one theme but produced stories of different genres. He wrote fairy tales, science fiction, fantasy novels and realistic novels, and some times used several different genres in the same stories. He was not only interested in science, but he was also a politically active socialist and he wrote many essays and letters criticising the political situation of his time. LovatRead MoreAn Evaluation of Nature Poetry in Reference to Plath, Huges and Keats.1876 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the essay I will be explaining what form of poetry meter is being used in certain poems, how imagery is detailed and explain rhyming patterns that have been used as well as giving my own analysis of my selected poems. The first poet I want to look at is Sylvia Plath (1932-1963). Plaths work intrigues me, as does her life. After losing her farther at the age of eight, she suppressed her inner feelings and instead of reaching out to other people for comfort, she isolated herself withRead Morethatcher4803 Words   |  20 Pagesthe Magi† 2. Poems for individual reading: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (â€Å"That time of year†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) 2. John Donne, â€Å"Holy Sonnet I† (â€Å"Thou hast made me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), â€Å"Holy Sonnet IX† (â€Å"If poisonous minerals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), 3. George Herbert, â€Å"Easter†, â€Å"Denial†, â€Å"Paradise† 4. Andrew Marvell, â€Å"On a Drop of Dew† 5. Richard Crashaw, â€Å"On the Wounds of our Crucified Lord† 6. Gerard Manley Hopkins, â€Å"Spring† Drama: William Shakespeare, Hamlet 1. Hopkins

D.T. Resistant Materials †Evaluation Free Essays

I feel that my product has fulfilled all of the essential criteria although some of the desired criteria aren’t fulfilled. This includes: * Incorporated Lights * A Combination of Materials * Be used for placing an object on top The reason behind these specifications not being fulfilled was mainly due to limitations or the way it would have to be incorporated into the design I chose. If I decided to incorporate lights, the price would have rose as well as me having to make the boxes more bulky making them a lot more difficult to move and customise. We will write a custom essay sample on D.T. Resistant Materials – Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A combination of materials wasn’t used because of complications and problems which I will explain later and to be used for placing an object on top, the product would become less customisable, however an add on could be designed for my product in the future which would allow this, but as current because of time scale and general problems (which I will explain) this is an unavailable feature. What it does and how good it is at doing it My product is designed to allow users to store objects such as books and paperwork in. Teenagers, my target audience, would be able to customise the product by adding different tops as well as a different combination of boxes of which came in two sizes. The system I designed allowed the boxes to be placed on top of each other as well as beside each other. After testing, I found that the average sized box fitted perfectly, mainly due to my research which I carried out earlier. Papers unfortunately didn’t fit without aid such as a folder or possibly something which allowed the paper to stand on end. Having said this, the product was perfectly able to stand the weight and the customisable feature with everything lining up with little add on features which gave room for error as well as being extra features to the set. After asking other 15/16 year olds, comments were very positive particularly with the engraved design on the side which matched with the add on spacers as well as the fact the boxes could be stacked or put on the side. They also liked the idea of the customisable top which could be turned into a different wide range of add-ons which could have been added to in the future if desired. There were few negative comments which were probably due mainly to pure politeness! Having said this, the ones I received were well constructed such as the fact that paper couldn’t be placed flat without it sticking out the side as well as the fact that the choice of finish allowed the pine to show which was of a colour too bright to some people’s preference. Modifications and/due to Problems One major problem I came up against was the fact that I was unable to cast a peg. This was due to limitations of knowledge on casting as well as the time limit I was restricted against. Our first trial was shown on my developing ideas section where only one half of the peg seemed to come out correctly. This, unfortunately, made me skip the variety of materials desired criteria. Another problem was accuracy. I was only making one of many of these products and because of this I opted to create the top plate by hand. Having done this I soon realised that it was very difficult and time consuming to get it correctly placed. Due to this fact I modified the size of the dowel from 8mm to 6mm which meant that the 8mm hole will now have 6mm slotted into it with the top plate. Because of time restrictions, it wasn’t possible to create other add-ons such as the CD rack I planned earlier on. Instead I opted in a different material which would make the product more appealing (aesthetically pleasing). Accuracy was also another problem which I faced when joining the boxes together. I originally planned to join the boxes directly against each other. Because of 8mm holes being in the top and the bottom, 8mm dowel had to be used and the fact is that there was no room for error which became a problem. I solved this by creating a spacer which contained 6mm dowel which would slot into both the bottom and top box. This was a viable solution. Design problems also caused the boxes to be connected sideways only one possible direction as the boxes would not slot into each other on one side. This problem was one which I didn’t fix as the boxes could still tessellate one way which made this problem very minor. How to cite D.T. Resistant Materials – Evaluation, Papers

The Factors of Ball Flight free essay sample

Much of our understanding of how to manipulate the flight of the golf ball was shrouded in mystery until the early sixties when Sir Aynsley Bridgland commissioned a team of researchers under the leadership of Alistair Cochran and John Stobbs to try and unearth the secret to the game of golf. After five years of pure research the end result was certainly not what he had wished for-the secrets were that there was none, there was no such thing as the perfect swing. The work done by physicist Alistair Cochran was certainly not in vain though. In fact the findings he and his team unearthed went on to completely change how the golf professional thought about teaching the golf swing. What they discovered was that there was no secret to producing the perfect swing because it simply did not exist. There were many good, bad and indifferent swings being used but if they followed the basic laws and principles they proposed that the results would be basically the same. In this assignment we will look at many of the principles Cochran arrived at and utilize them to explain the effect a non square impact has on a golf shot. We will analyze the two of the three possible impact positions-open and closed impact positions, and how coupled with an out to in swing path can result in a variety of shots. We will also analyse how loft plays a role in effecting the degree to which shape, trajectory and distance these resulting shots go. For this assignment we will assume that the golfer is right handed, using a 5 iron of a flat hitting surface and striking the ball in the centre of the clubface. Ball flight laws Before we look at a specific type of swing path it is important to have a basic grasp of the ball flight laws as the primary focus of this piece will be the impact factors. These are entirely based on what the club head is doing at the moment it strikes the ball, known as impact. There are five impact factors, these are as follows: ? Swing Path, ? Club head Speed, ? Angle of Approach ? Clubface Aim ? Centeredness of Strike The following table explains each law in more detail Law |Characteristics | |Speed |The velocity with which the club head is travelling at | | |impact. Club head Speed effects how far the ball goes, | | |as well as the trajectory and shape of the resulting | | |shot. | |Centeredness |The exactness with which the ball makes contact on the | | |face of the club relative to the sweet spot. Contact | | |could be either on the centre, toe, and heel, above or | | |below the sweet spot. | |Path | The direction of the arc travelled by the club head in| | |the backswing an d downswing. Its line of travel at | | |impact is one of the primary factors influencing | | |direction for a full shot | | | The degree at which the leading edge of the clubface | |Face |is at right angles to the swing path. It determines the| | |accuracy of the balls flight along that line, or | | |produces a left or right curve away from that line. | |Angle of Approach | The angle formed by the arc of the clubhead on the | | |downswing in relation to the ground. Due to its | | |influence on the balls spin rate, the trajectory and | | |the distance the ball travels will be affected by this | | |angle | From these impact factors we can take nine recognised ball flights (The PGA, 2007). The illustration bellow depicts each one. For the assignment at hand we are to look at an over the top swing path with a non square impact position. In this case two-impact factors above all others influence, these are clubface position at impact and swing path. Firstly however wee will look at loft and the effects it has on the golf shot. Loft Every golf club including putters have loft. Loft is the inclination of the club face from vertical. A typical clubs loft is as follows club |loft (degrees) | |putter |0 to 6 | |driver |6 to 13 | |fairway woods |13 to 28 | |irons |17 to 49 | |wedges |49 to 64 | Loft is responsible for two primary effects. These are; †¢ It, as the name suggests, gives the ball lift and ensures the ball leaves the face at a higher angle than the angle of attack. †¢ It imparts back spin. Energy is transferred from the club head into both forward momentum and ball rotation. It is important to remember that the more loft on the club the more back spin that is imparted and the less forward momentum as a result. This is the primary reason a less lofted club will fly farther than one with more loft, in this context the shaft length is negligible. Dynamic loft It is vital to understand that the â€Å"loft† of a club and a clubs â€Å"dynamic loft† are two different entities entirely. We have previously discussed the term loft but effective loft is much much different. The effective loft is the loft a club has at impact and is determined by five primary factors-the five ball flight laws which we earlier mentioned. each of these factors,centredness of strike, club head speed, angle of approach, club face aim and the swing path all have a great bearing on the fashion by which the ball comes off the face and thus the effective loft. The following table denotes a perfect example of the effects of dynamic loft at impact [pic] as we can see from the table there is a difference of some 30 yards between the longest and shortest drive which all comes down to the dynamic loft acting on the ball at impact. This table also brings up another important point. -the angle of approach directly correlates to the trajectory of the shot. As we have mentioned earlier a higher loft results in a higher trajectory and less forward momentum but a higher angle of approach also result in a number of differences, these are †¢ The higher the angle of approach the lower the initial trajectory. †¢ The higher the angle of approach the higher the rate of spin †¢ The maximum initial height (launch angle) will be produced by presenting the maximum loft to the ball with the shallowest angle of approach. Producing the optimal angle of approach will maximise launch conditions (spin rate and launch angle) and optimise the distance the shot goes Curvature and direction As previously stated Energy is transferred from the club head into both forward momentum and ball rotation. Loft bears a great influence on how this energy is transferred into both forms. A lower loft on a club results in an increase in side spin and less backspin, for this reason a non square impact with lower lofts result in a greater curvature of the ball than that with a more lofted club. This is also the same with direction-a non square strike results in a greater range of dispersion in lower lofted club as compared to that of a more lofted club. Loft, path and face combinations In the scenario at hand we are to analyse the resultant shots from an out to in swing path, an appropriate angle of approach, 100km/h club head speed with a centred strike. And a non square impact position. In addressing these factors only two laws become a factor in the shot shape, these are 1. swing path 2. clubface aim We will now take a deeper look at the effect of each impact factor and how they effect the resulting shot shape. The Swing Path The definition of swing path is â€Å"The direction of the path immediately before, during and immediately following impact† (PGA, 2008). As the golf swing is rounded in its execution straight shots would have a swing path of inside to square to inside (Jacobs, 1979). Therefore, if it is accepted as to what swing path results in zero curvature then by introducing an out to in swing path. This is defined in the PGAs year one golf coaching study guide as â€Å"The clubheads line of travel at impact† (PGA, 2008 p 9). Jacobs (1979) agrees with Cochran et al. s he states that if the clubhead is not moving directly toward or in a straight line to your target it has to be travelling to the left or to the right of the golfers intended destination. Humans must in order to make the ball go straight, swing the club on an inside-straight-inside arc. By inside it is meant that if a line were drawn from the golf ball to the flagstick and back further behind the golf ba ll, the club would travel back inside that line to the top of the backswing and return down from inside the line to square at impact. The clubhead would then go straight through the ball at impact and follow through to the left of the line or inside as the player proceeds to the follow through position. This imaginary line will be known hereafter as the ball to target line. The next question must be then, what are the alternatives to an inside-straight-inside swing path? Firstly, if we take it that the clubface is always square to the swing path there are two possible results. The club could travel on an in-to-out swing path, which will send the golf ball to the right of the target. Conversely as in the above scenario, the club could travel on an out-to-in swing path, which will send the golf ball to the left of the desired target (Jacobs, 1979). This shot is commonly known as a pull, where the ball starts and goes in a straight line to the left of the target. Jack Nicklaus confirms this view in his 1974 book, â€Å"Golf My Way†. Nicklaus defines a pull shot as â€Å"Your clubface is looking in the same direction the clubhead is travelling. The trouble is that you are swinging from out-to-in across your target line† (Nicklaus, 1974 p25-26). He describes the push in exactly the same way except that the club is travelling from inside-to-out in relation to the ball to target line. Toski and Flick (1978) confirm this analysis of swing path. All these opinions are based on the clubface being square to the path; however it must now be asked â€Å"What would happen if the clubface were not square to the path at impact? † Clubface Condition at Impact and Initial Ball Direction To recap, the reason that the ball will travel in a straight line is that a clubface that is square to the path will impart only one type of spin on the golf ball, backspin. Cochran and Stobbs, 1968). Thus the ball will only spin vertically and stay on a straight line. However, the clubface may not be pointing at a ninety degree angle and perfectly square with the swing path. Thus if it is pointing to the left of the ninety degree angle, the clubface would be labelled as â€Å"Closed† or if it were pointing to the right of that angle the clu bface would be termed â€Å"Open† (Jacobs, 1979). These clubface positions are the vital ingredient in sidespin being imparted on the golf ball, which leads to curvature of the golf ball. Therefore, depending on the swing path along with the clubface condition at impact one of the nine common ball flights will be achieved. Initial Ball Flight Direction Toski et al. (1978) and Cochran et al. (1968) reinforce the relationship between these two laws concurring that this is what ultimately defines the initial starting direction of the ball flight. This starting point will be somewhere in between the direction of the swing path and the clubface aim. Finally they concur that the ball will begin in a direction that is closer to the clubface aim direction. Initial Ball Flight Direction [pic]= Swing Path= Face Aim = Initial Ball Flight Direction = Ball to target Line The above diagram depicts the initial flight direction on a draw shot To summarise, Jacobs (1979, p. 26) describes it very plainly â€Å"If the clubface is facing to the left of its’ path, the ball will curve to the left of that directional path. If it faces to the right of the path, the ball will curve to the right†. So for a draw shot it can be assumed that the clubface is slightly closed to the path but how exactly is it controlled and executed? The resultant shot shapes from the scenario The scenario provided can result in a myriad of shots all of which derive from the club face position at impact, these shots are as follows †¢ Square club face-the pull: the ball starts left of the target and fly’s without curvature in a straight line, finishing left of the target. †¢ Shut club face-the pull hook: the ball starts left of the target and then curves left in the air, finishing well to the left of the target †¢ Open club face-this offers two shot shapes 1. he fade: the ball starting to the left of the target and curves to the left, finishing on the target 2. the slice: the ball starts left of the target and curves to the right, finishing well to the right of the target We will now look at each of these shots in more detail The square club face: The pull As previously mentioned the pull shot is a result of a square face to an out to in swing path. The pull: the ball starts left of the target and fly’ s without curvature in straight line, finishing left of the target. This shot itself fly’s just as a straight shot but directly to the left. This shot should fly approximately the same distance as a normally struck straight shot with a normal trajectory and flight The shut club face: The pull hook The pull hook shot results in the ball start left of the target and then curves left in the air, finishing well to the left of the target. The shot itself will have a lower trajectory due to the closed club face which delofts the club at impact and as a result send the shot low to the left –the severity of which depends on how closed the face itself is to the swing path. The delofting of the club face also plays a crucial part in the over all distance travelled by the shot with a more severely shut face comes a greater loss in distance. The open club face: The fade and the slice The open faced impact with an over the top swing path throws two shot shapes which is down to relationship- of the club face to the ball to target line. In a slice the ball starts left of the target and curves to the right, finishing well to the right of the target.